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 <section id="module-sgmllib">
<h1>19.2. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sgmllib" title="sgmllib: Only as much of an SGML parser as needed to parse HTML. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sgmllib</code></a> — Simple SGML parser<a class="headerlink" href="#module-sgmllib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="deprecated">
Deprecated since version 2.6: The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sgmllib" title="sgmllib: Only as much of an SGML parser as needed to parse HTML. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sgmllib</code></a> module has been removed in Python 3.
</div>
This module defines a class <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">SGMLParser</code></a> which serves as the basis for
parsing text files formatted in SGML (Standard Generalized Mark-up Language).
In fact, it does not provide a full SGML parser — it only parses SGML insofar
as it is used by HTML, and the module only exists as a base for the
<a class="reference internal" href="htmllib.html#module-htmllib" title="htmllib: A parser for HTML documents. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">htmllib</code></a> module. Another HTML parser which supports XHTML and offers a
somewhat different interface is available in the <a class="reference internal" href="htmlparser.html#module-HTMLParser" title="HTMLParser: A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML."><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">HTMLParser</code></a> module.
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser">
class sgmllib.SGMLParser<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">SGMLParser</code></a> class is instantiated without arguments. The parser is
hardcoded to recognize the following constructs:
<ul class="simple">
<li>Opening and closing tags of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;tag attr=&quot;value&quot; ...&gt;</code> and
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;/tag&gt;</code>, respectively.</li>
<li>Numeric character references of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;#name;</code>.</li>
<li>Entity references of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;name;</code>.</li>
<li>SGML comments of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;!--text--&gt;</code>. Note that spaces, tabs, and
newlines are allowed between the trailing <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;</code> and the immediately preceding
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">--</code>.</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>

A single exception is defined as well:
<dl class="py exception">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParseError">
exception sgmllib.SGMLParseError<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParseError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Exception raised by the <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">SGMLParser</code></a> class when it encounters an error
while parsing.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.1.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">SGMLParser</code></a> instances have the following methods:
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.reset">
SGMLParser.reset()<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.reset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Reset the instance. Loses all unprocessed data. This is called implicitly at
instantiation time.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.setnomoretags">
SGMLParser.setnomoretags()<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.setnomoretags" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Stop processing tags. Treat all following input as literal input (CDATA).
(This is only provided so the HTML tag <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;PLAINTEXT&gt;</code> can be implemented.)
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.setliteral">
SGMLParser.setliteral()<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.setliteral" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Enter literal mode (CDATA mode).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.feed">
SGMLParser.feed(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.feed" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Feed some text to the parser. It is processed insofar as it consists of
complete elements; incomplete data is buffered until more data is fed or
<a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.close" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.close"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">close()</code></a> is called.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.close">
SGMLParser.close()<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Force processing of all buffered data as if it were followed by an end-of-file
mark. This method may be redefined by a derived class to define additional
processing at the end of the input, but the redefined version should always call
<a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.close" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.close"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">close()</code></a>.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.get_starttag_text">
SGMLParser.get_starttag_text()<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.get_starttag_text" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Return the text of the most recently opened start tag. This should not normally
be needed for structured processing, but may be useful in dealing with HTML “as
deployed” or for re-generating input with minimal changes (whitespace between
attributes can be preserved, etc.).
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_starttag">
SGMLParser.handle_starttag(tag, method, attributes)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_starttag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to handle start tags for which either a <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">start_tag()</code>
or <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_tag()</code> method has been defined. The tag argument is the name of
the tag converted to lower case, and the method argument is the bound method
which should be used to support semantic interpretation of the start tag. The
attributes argument is a list of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">(name, value)</code> pairs containing the
attributes found inside the tag’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;&gt;</code> brackets.
The name has been translated to lower case. Double quotes and backslashes in
the value have been interpreted, as well as known character references and
known entity references terminated by a semicolon (normally, entity references
can be terminated by any non-alphanumerical character, but this would break the
very common case of <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;A HREF=&quot;url?spam=1&amp;eggs=2&quot;&gt;</code> when <code class="docutils literal notranslate">eggs</code> is a valid
entity name).
For instance, for the tag <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;A HREF=&quot;http://www.cwi.nl/&quot;&gt;</code>, this method would
be called as <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unknown_starttag('a', [('href', 'http://www.cwi.nl/')])</code>. The
base implementation simply calls method with attributes as the only
argument.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.5: Handling of entity and character references within attribute values.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_endtag">
SGMLParser.handle_endtag(tag, method)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_endtag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to handle endtags for which an <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">end_tag()</code> method has
been defined. The tag argument is the name of the tag converted to lower
case, and the method argument is the bound method which should be used to
support semantic interpretation of the end tag. If no <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">end_tag()</code> method is
defined for the closing element, this handler is not called. The base
implementation simply calls method.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_data">
SGMLParser.handle_data(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to process arbitrary data. It is intended to be
overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_charref">
SGMLParser.handle_charref(ref)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_charref" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to process a character reference of the form <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;#ref;</code>.
The base implementation uses <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_charref" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_charref"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">convert_charref()</code></a> to convert the reference to
a string. If that method returns a string, it is passed to <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_data" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_data"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">handle_data()</code></a>,
otherwise <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unknown_charref(ref)</code> is called to handle the error.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.5: Use <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_charref" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_charref"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">convert_charref()</code></a> instead of hard-coding the conversion.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_charref">
SGMLParser.convert_charref(ref)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_charref" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert a character reference to a string, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>. ref is the reference
passed in as a string. In the base implementation, ref must be a decimal
number in the range 0–255. It converts the code point found using the
<a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_codepoint" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_codepoint"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">convert_codepoint()</code></a> method. If ref is invalid or out of range, this
method returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>. This method is called by the default
<a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_charref" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_charref"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">handle_charref()</code></a> implementation and by the attribute value parser.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_codepoint">
SGMLParser.convert_codepoint(codepoint)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_codepoint" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert a code point to a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> value. Encodings can be handled here if
appropriate, though the rest of <a class="reference internal" href="#module-sgmllib" title="sgmllib: Only as much of an SGML parser as needed to parse HTML. (deprecated)"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sgmllib</code></a> is oblivious on this matter.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_entityref">
SGMLParser.handle_entityref(ref)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_entityref" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to process a general entity reference of the form
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;ref;</code> where ref is a general entity reference. It converts ref by
passing it to <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_entityref" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_entityref"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">convert_entityref()</code></a>. If a translation is returned, it calls
the method <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_data" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_data"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">handle_data()</code></a> with the translation; otherwise, it calls the
method <code class="docutils literal notranslate">unknown_entityref(ref)</code>. The default <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">entitydefs</code> defines
translations for <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;amp;</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;apos;</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;gt;</code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;lt;</code>, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&amp;quot;</code>.
<div class="versionchanged">
Changed in version 2.5: Use <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_entityref" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_entityref"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">convert_entityref()</code></a> instead of hard-coding the conversion.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_entityref">
SGMLParser.convert_entityref(ref)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.convert_entityref" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert a named entity reference to a <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#str" title="str"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a> value, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>. The
resulting value will not be parsed. ref will be only the name of the entity.
The default implementation looks for ref in the instance (or class) variable
<code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate">entitydefs</code> which should be a mapping from entity names to corresponding
translations. If no translation is available for ref, this method returns
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code>. This method is called by the default <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_entityref" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_entityref"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">handle_entityref()</code></a>
implementation and by the attribute value parser.
<div class="versionadded">
New in version 2.5.
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_comment">
SGMLParser.handle_comment(comment)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_comment" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called when a comment is encountered. The comment argument is
a string containing the text between the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;!--</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">--&gt;</code> delimiters, but
not the delimiters themselves. For example, the comment <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;!--text--&gt;</code> will
cause this method to be called with the argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate">'text'</code>. The default method
does nothing.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_decl">
SGMLParser.handle_decl(data)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_decl" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Method called when an SGML declaration is read by the parser. In practice, the
<code class="docutils literal notranslate">DOCTYPE</code> declaration is the only thing observed in HTML, but the parser does
not discriminate among different (or broken) declarations. Internal subsets in
a <code class="docutils literal notranslate">DOCTYPE</code> declaration are not supported. The data parameter will be the
entire contents of the declaration inside the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">&lt;!</code>…<code class="docutils literal notranslate">&gt;</code> markup. The
default implementation does nothing.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.report_unbalanced">
SGMLParser.report_unbalanced(tag)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.report_unbalanced" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called when an end tag is found which does not correspond to any
open element.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.unknown_starttag">
SGMLParser.unknown_starttag(tag, attributes)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.unknown_starttag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to process an unknown start tag. It is intended to be
overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.unknown_endtag">
SGMLParser.unknown_endtag(tag)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.unknown_endtag" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to process an unknown end tag. It is intended to be
overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.unknown_charref">
SGMLParser.unknown_charref(ref)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.unknown_charref" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to process unresolvable numeric character references.
Refer to <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_charref" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_charref"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">handle_charref()</code></a> to determine what is handled by default. It is
intended to be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does
nothing.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="sgmllib.SGMLParser.unknown_entityref">
SGMLParser.unknown_entityref(ref)<a class="headerlink" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.unknown_entityref" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method is called to process an unknown entity reference. It is intended to
be overridden by a derived class; the base class implementation does nothing.
</dd></dl>

Apart from overriding or extending the methods listed above, derived classes may
also define methods of the following form to define processing of specific tags.
Tag names in the input stream are case independent; the tag occurring in
method names must be in lower case:
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
SGMLParser.start_tag(attributes)</dt>
<dd>This method is called to process an opening tag tag. It has preference over
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_tag()</code>. The attributes argument has the same meaning as described for
<a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_starttag" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_starttag"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">handle_starttag()</code></a> above.
</dd></dl>

<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
SGMLParser.do_tag(attributes)</dt>
<dd>This method is called to process an opening tag tag for which no
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">start_tag()</code> method is defined. The attributes argument has the same
meaning as described for <a class="reference internal" href="#sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_starttag" title="sgmllib.SGMLParser.handle_starttag"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">handle_starttag()</code></a> above.
</dd></dl>

Note that the parser maintains a stack of open elements for which no end tag has
been found yet. Only tags processed by <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">start_tag()</code> are pushed on this
stack. Definition of an <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">end_tag()</code> method is optional for these tags. For
tags processed by <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_tag()</code> or by <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">unknown_tag()</code>, no <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">end_tag()</code>
method must be defined; if defined, it will not be used. If both
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">start_tag()</code> and <code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">do_tag()</code> methods exist for a tag, the
<code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate">start_tag()</code> method takes precedence.
</section>

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